Kupa masosi akasimba emagetsi nderimwe rematambudziko akanyanya kukosha muzana rino ramakore.Nzvimbo dzekutsvagira musimba rekukohwesa zvinhu zvinobva mukukurudzira uku, kusanganisira thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 uye thermophotovoltaics3.Kunyangwe isu tichishaya zvinhu uye zvishandiso zvinokwanisa kukohwa simba muJoule range, pyroelectric zvinhu zvinogona kushandura simba remagetsi kuita periodic tembiricha shanduko inoonekwa se sensors4 uye simba kukohwa5,6,7.Pano takagadzira macroscopic thermal energy harvester nenzira ye multilayer capacitor yakagadzirwa ne 42 gramu ye lead scandium tantalate, ichigadzira 11.2 J yemagetsi emagetsi pa thermodynamic cycle.Imwe neimwe pyroelectric module inogona kugadzira magetsi emagetsi density kusvika 4.43 J cm-3 per cycle.Isu tinoratidzawo kuti mamodule maviri akadai anorema 0.3 g akakwana kuti arambe achisimbisa masimba emagetsi anokohwa ane embedded microcontrollers uye tembiricha sensors.Chekupedzisira, isu tinoratidza kuti kune tembiricha yegumi K, aya ma multilayer capacitor anogona kusvika 40% Carnot kunyatsoshanda.Zvinhu izvi zvinokonzerwa ne (1) ferroelectric phase shanduko yekushanda kwakanyanya, (2) low leakage current kudzivirira kurasikirwa, uye (3) high breakdown voltage.Aya macroscopic, scalable uye anoshanda pyroelectric magetsi anokohwewa ari kufungidzira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ethermoelectric.
Kuenzaniswa neyenzvimbo tembiricha gradient inodiwa kune thermoelectric zvinhu, simba kukohwa kwezvinhu zve thermoelectric zvinoda tembiricha bhasikoro nekufamba kwenguva.Izvi zvinoreva thermodynamic cycle, iyo inonyatsotsanangurwa ne entropy (S) -temperature (T) diagram.Mufananidzo 1a unoratidza yakajairwa ST chiitiko cheiyo isiri-mutsara pyroelectric (NLP) zvinhu zvinoratidza munda-inotyairwa ferroelectric-paraelectric chikamu shanduko mu scandium lead tantalate (PST).Zvikamu zvebhuruu uye zvakasvibirira zvekutenderera pa ST diagram zvinoenderana neyakashandurwa simba remagetsi muOlson cycle (maviri isothermal uye maviri isopole zvikamu).Pano tinotarisa maitiro maviri ane shanduko yemagetsi yakafanana (munda uripo uye wakadzimwa) uye shanduko yekushisa ΔT, zvisinei nekudziya kwekutanga kwakasiyana.Kutenderera kwakasvibira hakusi munzvimbo yekuchinja kwechikamu uye nekudaro ine nzvimbo diki pane yebhuruu kutenderera iri munharaunda yekuchinja kwechikamu.Mumufananidzo we ST, iyo yakakura nzvimbo, iyo yakakura iyo yakaunganidzwa simba.Nokudaro, shanduko yechikamu inofanira kuunganidza simba rakawanda.Kudiwa kwenzvimbo huru yekuchovha bhasikoro muNLP kwakafanana zvakanyanya nekudiwa kwe electrothermal applications9, 10, 11, 12 uko PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) uye PVDF-based terpolymers ichangobva kuratidza yakanakisa reverse performance.kutonhora kwekuita mamiriro mukutenderera 13,14,15,16.Naizvozvo, takaona PST MLCs dzekufarira kukohwa kwesimba rinopisa.Iyi sampuli yakatsanangurwa zvizere mumitoo uye inoratidzirwa mune zvinyorwa zvekuwedzera 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) uye 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch of an entropy (S)-temperature (T) plot ine electric field on and off inoshandiswa kuNLP zvinhu zvinoratidza shanduko yechikamu.Matanho maviri ekuunganidza simba anoratidzwa munzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana dzetembiricha.Iyo yebhuruu uye yegirini kutenderera kunoitika mukati nekunze kwechikamu shanduko, zvichiteerana, uye inopera munzvimbo dzakasiyana kwazvo dzepasi.b, maviri DE PST MLC unipolar zvindori, 1 mm gobvu, akayerwa pakati 0 uye 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 °C uye 90 °C, zvichiteerana, uye inoenderana Olsen cycles.Iwo mavara ABCD anoreva nyika dzakasiyana muOlson cycle.AB: MLCs dzakachajwa kusvika 155 kV cm-1 pa20°C.BC: MLC yakachengetedzwa pa155 kV cm-1 uye tembiricha yakasimudzwa kusvika 90 °C.CD: MLC inobuda pa90°C.DA: MLC yakatonhora kusvika 20 ° C mumunda we zero.Nzvimbo yebhuruu inoenderana nesimba rekuisa rinodiwa kuti utange kutenderera.Nzvimbo yeorenji isimba rinounganidzwa muchikamu chimwe chete.c, pamusoro pepaneru, voltage (dema) uye yazvino (tsvuku) maringe nenguva, inoteverwa panguva imwecheteyo Olson kutenderera se b.Iwo maviri ekuisa anomiririra kukwidziridzwa kwevoltage uye yazvino pamapoinzi akakosha mukutenderera.Muchikamu chepasi, iyo yero uye yakasvibira macurve anomiririra tembiricha inoenderana uye simba curves, zvichiteerana, kune 1 mm gobvu MLC.Simba rinoverengerwa kubva kune yazvino uye voltage curves pane yepamusoro pani.Simba risina kunaka rinoenderana nesimba rakaunganidzwa.Matanho anoenderana nemavara makuru munhamba ina akafanana neari muOlson cycle.Kutenderera AB'CD inoenderana neStirling cycle (yekuwedzera chinyorwa 7).
uko E uye D inzvimbo yemagetsi uye yemagetsi displacement ndima, zvichiteerana.Nd inogona kuwanikwa zvisina kunanga kubva kuDE redunhu (Fig. 1b) kana zvakananga nekutanga thermodynamic cycle.Nzira dzinonyanya kubatsira dzakatsanangurwa naOlsen mubasa rake rekupayona pakuunganidza simba re pyroelectric mu1980s17.
Pamusoro pemuonde.1b inoratidza maviri monopolar DE zvishwe zve 1 mm gobvu PST-MLC zvienzaniso zvakaunganidzwa pa20 °C uye 90 °C, zvichiteerana, pamusoro pehuwandu hwe0 kusvika 155 kV cm-1 (600 V).Aya mavhiri maviri anogona kushandiswa kuverengera zvisina kunanga simba rakaunganidzwa neOlson cycle inoratidzwa muFigure 1a.Muchokwadi, iyo Olsen cycle ine maviri isofield matavi (pano, zero munda mubazi reDA uye 155 kV cm-1 mubazi reBC) uye matavi maviri isothermal (pano, 20 ° С uye 20 ° С mubazi reAB) .C mubazi reCD) Simba rinounganidzwa panguva yekutenderera rinoenderana nenharaunda yeorenji nebhuruu (EdD yakakosha).Iyo yakaunganidzwa simba Nd ndiyo mutsauko pakati pekupinza uye kubuda kwesimba, kureva chete nzvimbo yeorenji mumuonde.1b.Iyi chaiyo Olson kutenderera inopa Nd simba density ye1.78 J cm-3.Iyo Stirling cycle ndiyo imwe nzira kune Olson cycle (Supplementary Note 7).Nemhaka yekuti nguva dzose yekuchaja nhanho (yakazaruka dunhu) inosvika nyore nyore, iyo simba density inotorwa kubva Fig. 1b (kutenderera AB'CD) inosvika 1.25 J cm-3.Iyi ingori 70% yezvinogona kuunganidzwa neOlson cycle, asi zviri nyore zvekukohwa zvinozviita.
Uye zvakare, isu takayera zvakananga simba rakaunganidzwa panguva yeOlson kutenderera nekusimbisa iyo PST MLC tichishandisa Linkam tembiricha yekudzora nhanho uye sosi mita (nzira).Mufananidzo 1c kumusoro uye mumaseti akateedzana anoratidza yazvino (dzvuku) uye voltage (dema) yakaunganidzwa pane imwecheteyo 1 mm gobvu PST MLC sekunge DE loop ichipfuura nemumwechete Olson cycle.Ikozvino uye voltage inoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga simba rakaunganidzwa, uye mavhavha anoratidzwa mufig.1c, pasi (girinhi) uye tembiricha (yero) mukati mekutenderera.Mabhii ABCD anomiririra yakafanana Olson cycle muFig. 1. MLC kuchaja inoitika panguva yegumbo reAB uye inoitwa pane yakaderera ikozvino (200 µA), saka SourceMeter inogona kunyatso kudzora kuchaja.Mhedzisiro yeichi chinogara chiripo chekutanga ikozvino ndechekuti voltage curve (black curve) haina mutsara nekuda kweiyo isiri-mutsara inogona kuchinjika munda D PST (Fig. 1c, top inset).Pakupera kwekuchaja, 30 mJ yesimba remagetsi inochengetwa muMLC (point B).Iyo MLC inobva yapisa uye yakashata ikozvino (uye naizvozvo yakaipa ikozvino) inogadzirwa apo magetsi anoramba ari pa 600 V. Mushure me40 s, apo tembiricha yakasvika pakakwirira ye90 ° C, ikozvino yakabhadharwa, kunyange zvazvo nhanho yemuenzaniso. yakabudiswa munharaunda simba remagetsi re 35 mJ panguva iyi isofield (yechipiri inset muFig. 1c, kumusoro).Iyo voltage paMLC (CD yebazi) inobva yaderedzwa, zvichiita kuti iwedzere 60 mJ yebasa remagetsi.Iyo yakazara inobuda simba i95 mJ.Simba rakaunganidzwa ndiro mutsauko pakati pekupinza uye kubuda simba, iro rinopa 95 - 30 = 65 mJ.Izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwesimba hwe1.84 J cm-3, iyo iri pedyo zvikuru neNd yakatorwa kubva kuDE ring.Kuberekwazve kweiyi Olson kutenderera kwakaedzwa zvakanyanya (Supplementary Note 4).Nekuwedzera kuwedzera magetsi uye tembiricha, takawana 4.43 J cm-3 tichishandisa Olsen cycles mu 0.5 mm gobvu PST MLC pamusoro petembiricha ye750 V (195 kV cm-1) uye 175 ° C (Supplementary Note 5).Izvi zvakapetwa kana kudarika kushanda kwakanakisisa kwakataurwa mumabhuku ekugadzirisa zvakananga Olson cycles uye yakawanikwa pamafirimu matete ePb (Mg, Nb) O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Tafura 1 kune mamwe maitiro mumabhuku). Kuitwa uku kwasvikwa nekuda kwekudzikira kwekudonhedza kwazvino kweMLCs idzi (<10−7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona zvakadzama muSupplementary Note 6)-chinhu chakakosha chakataurwa naSmith et al.19-mukupesana kuzvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20. Kuitwa uku kwasvikwa nekuda kwekudzikira kwekudonhedza kwazvino kweMLCs idzi (<10−7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona zvakadzama muSupplementary Note 6)-chinhu chakakosha chakataurwa naSmith et al.19-mukupesana kuzvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. тический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др.19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Unhu uhwu hwakawanikwa nekuda kwekuderera kwakanyanya kweaya maMLCs (<10-7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona Supplementary Note 6 kuti uwane ruzivo) - yakakosha pfungwa yakataurwa naSmith et al.19 - kusiyana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉到的详细伉到的详细伉—Schot键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A , 参见补充 说明 6 中 详细 ） 中 详细 ）人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之之下 相比之下 相比之之下下下究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. др.19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Sezvo kubuda kweaya maMLC kwakadzikira zvakanyanya (<10–7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona Supplementary Note 6 kuti uwane ruzivo) - chinhu chakakosha chakataurwa naSmith et al.19 - kuenzanisa, maitiro aya akawanikwa.kune zvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare 17,20.
Mamiriro akafanana (600 V, 20-90 ° C) anoshandiswa kune Stirling cycle (Supplementary note 7).Sezvinotarisirwa kubva pamhedzisiro yeDE cycle, goho raive 41.0 mJ.Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa zveStirling cycles kugona kwavo kukwidziridza yekutanga voltage kuburikidza neiyo thermoelectric athari.Takacherechedza kuwedzera kwemagetsi kusvika ku39 (kubva pamagetsi ekutanga e15 V kusvika kumagumo ekupedzisira kusvika ku590 V, ona Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Chimwe chinosiyanisa maMLC aya ndechekuti iwo macroscopic zvinhu zvakakura zvakakwana kuunganidza simba mujoule renji.Nokudaro, takagadzira prototype harvester (HARV1) tichishandisa 28 MLC PST 1 mm gobvu, tichitevera yakafanana parallel plate design inotsanangurwa naTorello et al.14, mune 7 × 4 matrix sezvakaratidzwa muFig. Dielectric fluid inotakura kupisa mukati iyo manifold inotamiswa nepombi yeperistaltic pakati pemadhamu maviri apo tembiricha yemvura inochengetwa isingachinji (nzira).Unganidza kusvika ku3.1 J uchishandisa iyo Olson cycle inotsanangurwa mufig.2a, isothermal regions pa10°C ne125°C uye isofield regions pa0 ne750 V (195 kV cm-1).Izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwesimba re 3.14 J cm-3.Kushandisa kusanganiswa uku, zviyero zvakatorwa pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana (Fig. 2b).Ziva kuti 1.8 J yakawanikwa pane tembiricha ye80 °C uye voltage ye600 V (155 kV cm-1).Izvi zviri muchibvumirano chakanaka neyakambotaurwa 65 mJ ye1 mm gobvu PST MLC pasi pemamiriro akafanana (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Kuedza kuseta kweiyo yakaunganidzwa HARV1 prototype yakavakirwa pa28 MLC PSTs 1 mm gobvu (4 mitsara × 7 columns) ichimhanya paOlson cycles.Kune imwe neimwe yematanho mana ekutenderera, tembiricha uye voltage zvinopihwa mune prototype.Iyo komputa inotyaira pombi yeperistaltic inotenderera dielectric fluid pakati pemvura inotonhora uye inopisa, mavharuvhu maviri, uye sosi yemagetsi.Iyo komputa inoshandisawo thermocouples kuunganidza data pane voltage uye ikozvino inopihwa kune prototype uye tembiricha yemusanganiswa kubva kune magetsi.b, Simba (ruvara) inounganidzwa neyedu 4 × 7 MLC prototype inopesana netembiricha renji (X-axis) uye voltage (Y-axis) mukuyedza kwakasiyana.
Shanduro hombe yemukohwi (HARV2) ine 60 PST MLC 1 mm gobvu uye 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm gobvu (41.7 g inoshanda pyroelectric material) yakapa 11.2 J (Supplementary Note 8).Muna 1984, Olsen akagadzira simba rekukohwa simba richibva pa317 g yetin-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 komboni inokwanisa kugadzira 6.23 J yemagetsi patembiricha ingangoita 150 °C (ref. 21).Kune iyi musanganiswa, iyi ndiyo yega imwe kukosha inowanikwa mujoule range.Yakawana inodarika hafu yekukosha kwatakawana uye kanenge kanomwe kunaka.Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuwanda kwesimba reHARV2 rakapetwa kagumi nenhatu.
Nguva yeHARV1 masekonzi makumi mashanu nemanomwe.Izvi zvakaburitsa 54 mW yesimba nemitsara mina yemakoramu manomwe e1 mm gobvu MLC seti.Kuti tienderere mberi, takavaka musanganiswa wechitatu (HARV3) ine 0.5mm gobvu PST MLC uye yakafanana setup kuHARV1 neHARV2 (Supplementary Note 9).Takayera nguva yekupisa ye 12.5 seconds.Izvi zvinoenderana nenguva yekutenderera ye25 s (Supplementary Fig. 9).Simba rakaunganidzwa (47 mJ) rinopa simba remagetsi re 1.95 mW paMLC, iyo inotibvumira kufungidzira kuti HARV2 inogadzira 0.55 W (inenge 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm gobvu).Pamusoro pezvo, takatevedzera kuchinjisa kupisa tichishandisa Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Supplementary Note 10 uye Supplementary Tables 2–4) inoenderana neHARV1 miedzo.Finite element modelling yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kufanotaura kukosha kwesimba kunenge kurongeka kwehukuru hwepamusoro (430 mW) yehuwandu hwakafanana hwePST makoramu nekutetepa MLC kusvika 0.2 mm, uchishandisa mvura seinotonhorera, uye kudzoreredza matrix kumitsara minomwe. .× 4 mbiru (pamwe ne, pakanga pane 960 mW apo tangi yakanga iri pedyo nemusanganiswa, Supplementary Fig. 10b).
Kuratidza kubatsira kwemuunganidzi uyu, Stirling cycle yakashandiswa kune yakamira-yega demonstrator ine maviri chete 0.5 mm gobvu PST MLCs sevanounganidza kupisa, high voltage switch, low voltage switch ine storage capacitor, DC/DC converter. , yakaderera simba microcontroller, maviri thermocouples uye boost converter (Supplementary Note 11).Dunhu rinoda kuti capacitor yekuchengetera itange yachajwa pa9V yobva yamhanya yakazvimirira apo tembiricha yeMLC mbiri dzinobva pa -5°C kusvika pa85°C, pano muma cycles e160s (makonzo akati wandei anoratidzwa muSupplementary Note 11) .Zvinoshamisa, maMLC maviri anorema chete 0.3g anogona kuzvitonga kudzora iyi hombe system.Chimwe chinonakidza ndechekuti inoshandura voltage yakaderera inokwanisa kushandura 400V kuenda ku10-15V ne79% kunyatsoshanda (Supplementary Note 11 uye Supplementary Figure 11.3).
Chekupedzisira, takaongorora kugona kweaya maMLC module mukushandura simba rekupisa kuita simba remagetsi.Hunhu hwemhando η hwekushanda hunotsanangurwa sereshiyo yehuwandu hwesimba remagetsi rakaunganidzwa Nd kusvika kuhuwandu hwekupisa kwakapihwa Qin (Supplementary note 12):
Figure 3a,b inoratidza kugona η uye kuenzanirana kunyatsoshanda ηr yeOlsen cycle, zvichiteerana, sebasa retembiricha renji ye0.5 mm gobvu PST MLC.Maseti ese ari maviri edata anopiwa yenzvimbo yemagetsi ye195 kV cm-1.Kubudirira \(\ this\) kunosvika 1.43%, iyo yakaenzana ne18% ye ηr.Nekudaro, kune tembiricha ye10 K kubva pa25 °C kusvika 35 °C, ηr inosvika kutsika kusvika ku40% (blue curve muFig. 3b).Izvi zvakapetwa kaviri kukosha kunozivikanwa kwezvinhu zveNLP zvakanyorwa muPMN-PT mafirimu (ηr = 19%) muhutano hwekushisa hwe10 K uye 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18).Mamiriro ekupisa ari pasi pe10 K akanga asina kufungwa nokuti kupisa kwekushisa kwePST MLC kuri pakati pe5 ne8 K. Kuzivikanwa kwehutano hwakanaka hwekuchinja kwechikamu pakubudirira kunokosha.Muchokwadi, iwo akanyanya kukosha e η uye ηr anenge ese anowanikwa pane yekutanga tembiricha Ti = 25 ° C muFig.3a,b.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwechikamu chepedyo kana pasina munda unoiswa uye tembiricha yeCurie TC inenge 20 °C mune idzi MLCs (Yekuwedzera chinyorwa 13).
a,b, kushanda zvakanaka η uye kuenzana kwechikamu cheOlson cycle (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } yemagetsi epamusoro nemunda we 195 kV cm-1 uye tembiricha dzakasiyana dzekutanga Ti, }}\,\)(b) yeMPC PST 0.5 mm gobvu, zvichienderana nenguva yekushisa ΔTspan.
Kucherekedza kwekupedzisira kune zvirevo zviviri zvakakosha: (1) chero kuchovha bhasikoro kunofanirwa kutanga patembiricha iri pamusoro peTC kuti pave nendima-induced phase transition (kubva paraelectric kuenda kune ferroelectric) kuti iitike;(2) zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda zvakanyanya panguva dzekumhanya padyo neTC.Kunyange zvazvo hukuru-hukuru hunobudirira hunoratidzwa mukuedza kwedu, hutsika hushoma hwekushisa hahutibvumiri kuwana hukuru hwakakwana hunobudirira nekuda kweCarnot muganhu (\(\ Delta T/T\)).Nekudaro, kugona kwakanyanya kunoratidzwa neaya PST MLCs kunoruramisa Olsen paanotaura kuti "kirasi yakanaka makumi maviri regenerative thermoelectric mota inoshanda patembiricha iri pakati pe50 °C ne250 °C inogona kuita 30%"17.Kuti usvike izvi zvakakosha uye kuyedza iyo pfungwa, zvingave zvinobatsira kushandisa doped PSTs neTC dzakasiyana, sezvakadzidzwa naShebanov naBorman.Vakaratidza kuti TC muPST inogona kusiyana kubva ku3 ° C (Sb doping) kusvika 33 ° C (Ti doping) 22.Naizvozvo, isu tinofungidzira kuti chizvarwa chinotevera pyroelectric regenerators zvichibva pane doped PST MLCs kana zvimwe zvinhu zvine yakasimba yekutanga kurongeka chikamu shanduko inogona kukwikwidza neakanakisa anokohwa magetsi.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora MLCs dzakagadzirwa kubva kuPST.Zvishandiso izvi zvinosanganisira nhevedzano yePt uye PST maelectrode, umo akati wandei ma capacitor akabatanidzwa mukufanana.PST yakasarudzwa nekuti yakanakisa EC zvinhu uye saka inogona yakanakisa NLP zvinhu.Iyo inoratidzira inopinza yekutanga-yakarongeka ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition yakatenderedza 20 ° C, ichiratidza kuti entropy yayo shanduko yakafanana neyakaratidzwa muFig. 1. MaMLC akafanana akatsanangurwa zvizere kune EC13,14 zvishandiso.Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ uye 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs.MaMLC ane hukobvu hwe1 mm uye 0.5 mm akagadzirwa kubva pa19 uye 9 akaturikidzana ePST ane ukobvu hwe38.6 µm, zvichiteerana.Muzviitiko zvese izvi, iyo yemukati PST layer yakaiswa pakati pe2.05 µm gobvu platinum electrodes.Magadzirirwo eMLC aya anofungidzira kuti 55% yePSTs inoshanda, inoenderana nechikamu chiri pakati pemagetsi (Supplementary Note 1).Iyo inoshanda electrode nzvimbo yaive 48.7 mm2 (Supplementary Table 5).MLC PST yakagadzirirwa nechakasimba chikamu chekuita uye nzira yekukanda.Tsanangudzo yegadziriro yekugadzirira yakatsanangurwa munyaya yapfuura14.Imwe yemisiyano pakati pePST MLC uye chinyorwa chakapfuura ndiko kurongeka kweB-saiti, iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kweEC muPST.Kurongeka kweB-saiti dzePST MLC ndeye 0.75 (Supplementary Note 2) inowanikwa nekupisa pa1400 ° C ichiteverwa nemazana emaawa annealing pa1000 ° C.Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve PST MLC, ona Supplementary Notes 1-3 uye Supplementary Tafura 5.
Pfungwa huru yechidzidzo ichi inobva paOlson cycle (Fig. 1).Pakutenderera kwakadai, tinoda dura rinopisa uye rinotonhora uye magetsi anokwanisa kutarisa nekudzora voltage uye ikozvino mune akasiyana MLC modules.Aya matenderera akananga akashandisa zvigadziriso zviviri zvakasiyana, zvinoti (1) Linkam modules kudziyisa uye kutonhodza imwe MLC yakabatana neKeithley 2410 sosi yemagetsi, uye (2) matatu prototypes (HARV1, HARV2 neHARV3) anoenderana nesimba rimwechete sosi.Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, dielectric fluid (silicone mafuta ane viscosity ye5 cP pa 25 ° C, yakatengwa kubva kuSigma Aldrich) yakashandiswa pakupisa kupisa pakati pemvura mbiri (inopisa uye inotonhora) uye MLC.Thermal reservoir ine chigadziko chegirazi chakazadzwa nedielectric fluid uye chakaiswa pamusoro peiyo inopisa ndiro.Kuchengetera kutonhora kunosanganisira kugeza nemvura ine machubhu emvura ane dielectric fluid mumudziyo mukuru wepurasitiki uzere nemvura nechando.Maviri-matatu-pinch mavharuvhu (akatengwa kubva kuBio-Chem Fluidics) akaiswa kumagumo ega ega ekubatanidza kuti anyatso shandura mvura kubva kune imwe dziva kuenda kune imwe (Mufananidzo 2a).Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenzana kwekupisa pakati pePST-MLC package uye inotonhorera, nguva yekutenderera yakawedzera kusvika iyo inlet uye yekubuda thermocouples (padhuze sezvinobvira kuPST-MLC package) yakaratidza tembiricha yakafanana.Iyo Python script inotarisira uye inowiriranisa zvese zviridzwa (sosi metres, pombi, mavharuvhu, uye thermocouples) kumhanyisa iyo chaiyo Olson kutenderera, kureva iyo inotonhorera loop inotanga kuchovha bhasikoro kuburikidza nePST stack mushure mekunge mita yachajwa kuitira kuti dzipise painoda. yakaiswa voltage kune yakapihwa Olson cycle.
Neimwe nzira, takasimbisa izvi zviyero zvakananga zvesimba rakaunganidzwa nenzira dzisina kunanga.Iyi nzira dzisina kunanga dzinobva pamagetsi ekutamisa (D) - electric field (E) munda zvishwe zvakaunganidzwa pakupisa kwakasiyana, uye nekuverenga nzvimbo iri pakati pezvishwe zviviri zveDE, munhu anogona kunyatso fungidzira kuti ingani simba rinogona kuunganidzwa, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo. .mumufananidzo 2. .1b.Aya DE loops anounganidzwa zvakare uchishandisa Keithley sosi metres.
Makumi maviri nemasere 1 mm mukobvu PST MLCs akaunganidzwa mune 4-mutsara, 7-column parallel plate chimiro zvinoenderana nedhizaini yakatsanangurwa mureferensi.14. Mukaha wemvura pakati pePST-MLC mitsara ndeye 0.75mm.Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuwedzera mitsetse yematepi ane mativi maviri semvura spacers yakatenderedza mipendero yePST MLC.Iyo PST MLC yakabatana nemagetsi mukufambirana nesirivha epoxy bhiriji mukusangana nemagetsi emagetsi.Mushure meizvozvo, waya dzakanamirwa nesirivheri epoxy resin kudivi rega rega rema electrode terminals kuti ibatanidzwe kune magetsi.Pakupedzisira, isa chimiro chese mupolyolefin hose.Iyo yekupedzisira inonamirwa kune inoyerera chubhu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvharirwa kwakakodzera.Pakupedzisira, 0.25 mm gobvu K-mhando thermocouples akavakwa kumagumo ega ega ePST-MLC chimiro chekutarisa kupinza uye kubuda kwemvura tembiricha.Kuti uite izvi, hose inofanira kutanga yave perforated.Mushure mekuisa iyo thermocouple, shandisa adhesive yakafanana nekare pakati pe thermocouple hose uye waya kuti udzorere chisimbiso.
Sere dzakaparadzana prototypes akavakwa, mana ayo aiva 40 0.5 mm gobvu MLC PSTs akaparadzirwa akafanana parallel mahwendefa ane 5 mbiru uye 8 mitsara, uye mana akasara aiva 15 1 mm gobvu MLC PSTs imwe neimwe.mu 3-column × 5-mutsara parallel ndiro chimiro.Huwandu hwese hwePST MLCs hwakashandiswa hwaive mazana maviri nemakumi maviri (160 0.5 mm gobvu uye 60 PST MLC 1 mm gobvu).Tinodaidza zvikamu zviviri izvi HARV2_160 neHARV2_60.Mukaha wemvura mumuenzaniso weHARV2_160 une matepi maviri ane mativi maviri akakora 0.25 mm newaya yakakora 0.25 mm pakati pawo.Kune HARV2_60 prototype, isu takadzokorora maitiro akafanana, asi tichishandisa 0.38 mm gobvu waya.Kana iri symmetry, HARV2_160 neHARV2_60 dzine masekita emvura, pombi, mavharuvhu nedivi rinotonhora (Supplementary Note 8).MaUnitsi maviri eHARV2 anogovera dziva rekudziya, chigaba chemarita matatu (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) pamapuleti maviri anopisa ane magineti anotenderera.Ese masere emunhu prototypes akabatanidzwa nemagetsi mukufanana.HARV2_160 neHARV2_60 subunits anoshanda panguva imwe chete muOlson cycle zvichikonzera goho resimba re11.2 J.
Isa 0.5mm gobvu PST MLC mupolyolefin hose ine kaviri mativi tepi uye waya pamativi ese kuti ugadzire nzvimbo yekuyerera mvura.Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hudiki, iyo prototype yakaiswa padivi peinopisa kana kutonhora reservoir valve, ichideredza nguva yekutenderera.
MuPST MLC, nzvimbo yemagetsi inogara iripo inoshandiswa nekushandisa mhepo inogara ichipisa kune bazi rekupisa.Somugumisiro, mhepo yakaipa inopisa inogadzirwa uye simba rinochengetwa.Mushure mekupisa iyo PST MLC, munda unobviswa (V = 0), uye simba rakachengetwa mariri rinodzoserwa kune iyo sosi counter, iyo inoenderana nemumwe mupiro wesimba rakaunganidzwa.Pakupedzisira, nevoltage V = 0 yakaiswa, iyo MLC PSTs inotonhodzwa kune yavo yekutanga tembiricha kuitira kuti kutenderera kutange zvakare.Panguva ino, simba hariunganidzwi.Isu takamhanyisa Olsen cycle tichishandisa Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, tichichaja iyo PST MLC kubva kune voltage sosi uye kuseta iyo ino mechi kune yakakosha kukosha kuitira kuti mapoinzi akakwana akaunganidzwa panguva yekuchaja yeakavimbika simba kuverenga.
MuStirling cycles, PST MLCs dzakachajwa muvolti source mode pane yekutanga electric field value (yekutanga voltage Vi> 0), inodiwa yekutevedzera ikozvino kuitira kuti nhanho yekuchaja itore kutenderedza 1 s (uye mapoinzi akakwana anounganidzwa kuti iverenge yakavimbika simba) uye tembiricha inotonhora. MuStirling cycles, PST MLCs dzakachajwa muvolti source mode pane yekutanga electric field value (yekutanga voltage Vi> 0), inodiwa yekutevedzera ikozvino kuitira kuti nhanho yekuchaja itore kutenderedza 1 s (uye mapoinzi akakwana anounganidzwa kuti iverenge yakavimbika simba) uye tembiricha inotonhora. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного расчета энергия) и холодная температура. MuStirling PST MLC cycles, vakachajwa muvolti source modhi pamutengo wekutanga wendima yemagetsi (yekutanga voltage Vi> 0), goho rinodiwa ikozvino, kuitira kuti nhanho yekuchaja itore ingangoita 1 s (uye nhamba yakakwana. yemapoinzi inounganidzwa kune yakavimbika simba kuverenga) uye kutonhora tembiricha.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需电充电，所需的麡攵，所需的麡需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温. Mukutenderera kwatenzi, iyo PST MLC inobhadhariswa pamutengo wekutanga wemagetsi (yekutanga voltage Vi> 0) mumhepo yemagetsi sosi modhi, kuitira kuti iyo inodiwa yekuteedzera ikozvino inotora sekondi imwe padanho rekuchaja (uye isu takaunganidza mapoinzi akakwana zvakavimbika kuverenga (simba) uye yakaderera tembiricha. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) в, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергию) и низкие температ . MuStirling cycle, iyo PST MLC inochajwa muvoltage sosi modhi ine kukosha kwekutanga kwenzvimbo yemagetsi (yekutanga voltage Vi> 0), iyo inodiwa yekuteerera iripo ndeyekuti nhanho yekuchaja inotora ingangoita 1 s (uye nhamba yakakwana. yemapoinzi inounganidzwa kuti iverenge zvakavimbika simba) uye tembiricha yakaderera .PST MLC isati yapisa, vhura dunhu nekushandisa ikozvino inoenderana neI = 0 mA (iyo shoma inofananidzira ikozvino iyo yedu yekuyera sosi inogona kubata ndeye gumi nA).Somugumisiro, mutero unoramba uri muPST yeMJK, uye magetsi anowedzera sezvo sampuli inopisa.Hapana simba rinounganidzwa muruoko BC nekuti ini = 0 mA.Mushure mokusvika pakupisa kwepamusoro, magetsi muMLT FT anowedzera (mune dzimwe nguva kanopfuura makumi matatu, ona fig. 7.2 yakawedzerwa), MLK FT inobudiswa (V = 0), uye simba remagetsi rinochengetwa mavari zvakafanana. sezvavari kubhadharisa kwekutanga.Iyo yakafanana ikozvino tsamba inodzoserwa kune mita-source.Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwevoltage, simba rakachengetwa patembiricha yakakwira kupfuura yakapihwa pakutanga kwekutenderera.Nokudaro, simba rinowanikwa nokushandura kupisa kuva magetsi.
Isu takashandisa Keithley 2410 SourceMeter kutarisa voltage uye ikozvino inoshandiswa kuPST MLC.Simba rinoenderana rinoverengerwa nekubatanidza chigadzirwa chemagetsi uye ikozvino kuverengwa neKeithley's source mita, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\ tau {I}_({\rm {meas))}\ kuruboshwe(t\ kurudyi){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), apo τ ndiyo nguva yenguva.Pasimba redu remagetsi, kunaka kwesimba kunoreva simba ratinofanira kupa kuMLC PST, uye hunhu husina kunaka hunoreva simba ratinobvisa kubva kwavari uye nekudaro simba rakagamuchirwa.Simba rinoenderana rechikamu chakapihwa chekuunganidza chinotariswa nekupatsanura simba rakaunganidzwa nenguva τ yenguva yese.
Yese data inounzwa mune chikuru chinyorwa kana mune rumwe ruzivo.Tsamba uye zvikumbiro zvezvinhu zvinofanirwa kutungamirwa kune kunobva data reAT kana ED rakapihwa nechinyorwa ichi.
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Dhipatimendi reZvinhu Tsvakurudzo neTekinoroji, Luxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg