Kupa magetsi anochengetedza nguva dzose ndeimwe yematambudziko makuru ezana remakore rino. Nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa muzvinhu zvekukohwa simba dzinobva mukukurudzirwa uku, kusanganisira thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 uye thermophotovoltaics3. Kunyangwe tisina zvinhu nezvishandiso zvinokwanisa kuunganidza simba muJoule range, zvinhu zvepyroelectric zvinogona kushandura simba remagetsi kuita shanduko dzekupisa dzinoonekwa se sensors4 uye energy harvesters5,6,7. Pano tagadzira macroscopic thermal energy harvester muchimiro che multilayer capacitor yakagadzirwa nemagiramu 42 e lead scandium tantalate, ichigadzira 11.2 J yesimba remagetsi pa thermodynamic cycle. Pyroelectric module yega yega inogona kugadzira density yesimba remagetsi inosvika 4.43 J cm-3 pa cycle. Tinoratidzawo kuti ma module maviri akadaro anorema 0.3 g akakwana kuti arambe achipa simba re autonomous energy harvesters nema microcontrollers uye temperature sensors. Pakupedzisira, tinoratidza kuti kune tembiricha ye10 K, aya ma multilayer capacitors anogona kusvika 40% Carnot efficiency. Hunhu uhwu hunokonzerwa ne (1) shanduko yechikamu cheferroelectric kuti ishande zvakanaka, (2) kudonha kwemvura kwakaderera kudzivirira kurasikirwa, uye (3) voltage yakanyanya kuputsika. Aya macroscopic, scalable uye anoshanda zvakanaka epyroelectric power harvesters ari kufungidzira patsva kugadzirwa kwesimba rethermoelectric.
Zvichienzaniswa nekupisa kwenzvimbo kunodiwa pazvinhu zvinopisa, kuunganidza simba rezvinhu zvinopisa kunoda kutenderera kwekupisa nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinoreva kutenderera kwethermodynamic, uko kunotsanangurwa zvakanyanya nedhayagiramu ye entropy (S)-temperature (T). Mufananidzo 1a unoratidza ST plot yakajairika yezvinhu zvisina linear pyroelectric (NLP) inoratidza shanduko yeferroelectric-paraelectric phase mu scandium lead tantalate (PST). Zvikamu zvebhuruu negirinhi zvedenderedzwa padhayagiramu yeST zvinoenderana nesimba remagetsi rakashandurwa mudenderedzwa reOlson (zvikamu zviviri zve isothermal uye zvikamu zviviri zve isopole). Pano tinofunga nezvematanho maviri ane shanduko imwechete yemagetsi (munda uripo uye uripo) uye shanduko yetembiricha ΔT, kunyangwe netembiricha yekutanga dzakasiyana. Kutenderera kwegirinhi hakusi munzvimbo yekuchinja kwechikamu uye nekudaro kune nzvimbo diki zvikuru pane kutenderera kwebhuruu kuri munzvimbo yekuchinja kwechikamu. Mudhayagiramu yeST, nzvimbo yakakura, simba rakaunganidzwa rinokura. Naizvozvo, shanduko yechikamu inofanira kuunganidza simba rakawanda. Kudiwa kwenzvimbo yakakura yekufamba netsoka muNLP kwakafanana zvikuru nekudiwa kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi9, 10, 11, 12 uko PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) uye PVDF-based terpolymers munguva pfupi yapfuura dzakaratidza kushanda kwakanaka kwe reverse performance. mu cycle 13, 14, 15, 16. Nokudaro, takaona PST MLCs dzinodiwa pakukohwa simba rekupisa. Samples idzi dzakatsanangurwa zvizere munzira uye dzakatsanangurwa mu supplementary notes 1 (scanning electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) uye 3 (calorimetry).
a, Mufananidzo we entropy (S)-temperature (T) plot ine electric field on and off yakaiswa kuNLP materials inoratidza phase transitions. Ma energy collection cycles maviri anoratidzwa munzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana dzetembiricha. Ma blue cycles ne green cycles anoitika mukati nekunze kwe phase transition, zvichiteerana, uye anopera munzvimbo dzakasiyana kwazvo dzepamusoro. b, ma DE PST MLC unipolar rings maviri, 1 mm thick, akayerwa pakati pe 0 ne 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 °C ne 90 °C, zvichiteerana, uye ma Olsen cycles anoenderana. Mabhii ABCD anoreva mamiriro akasiyana muOlson cycle. AB: MLCs dzakachajwa kusvika 155 kV cm-1 pa 20 °C. BC: MLC yakachengetedzwa pa 155 kV cm-1 uye tembiricha yakasimudzwa kusvika 90 °C. CD: MLC inobuda pa 90°C. DA: MLC yakatonhorera kusvika 20°C mumunda we zero. Nzvimbo yebhuruu inoenderana nesimba rekupinda rinodiwa kutanga cycle. Nzvimbo yeorenji isimba rakaunganidzwa mu cycle imwe chete. c, panel yepamusoro, voltage (nhema) uye current (tsvuku) zvichienzaniswa nenguva, zvakateverwa panguva imwecheteyo yeOlson cycle sa b. Ma insert maviri anomiririra kuwedzera kwevoltage ne current panzvimbo dzakakosha mu cycle. Mupanel yepasi, ma curve eyero negirini anomiririra tembiricha ne energy curves zvinoenderana, zvichiteerana, kune 1 mm gobvu MLC. Simba rinoverengerwa kubva kuma current ne voltage curves ari pamusoro. Negative energy inoenderana nesimba rakaunganidzwa. Matanho anoenderana nemavara makuru mumifananidzo mina akafanana neari mu Olson cycle. Kutenderera kwe AB'CD kunoenderana ne Stirling cycle (chinyorwa chekuwedzera 7).
apo E naD vari munda wemagetsi uye munda wemagetsi unochinja, zvichiteerana. Nd inogona kuwanikwa zvisina kunanga kubva kuDE circuit (Mufananidzo 1b) kana zvakananga nekutanga thermodynamic cycle. Nzira dzinonyanya kubatsira dzakatsanangurwa naOlsen mubasa rake rekutanga rekuunganidza simba repyroelectric muma1980s17.
Pamufananidzo 1b panoratidza maropu maviri eDE monopolar ane 1 mm gobvu PST-MLC sampuli dzakaunganidzwa pa20 °C uye 90 °C, zvichiteerana, pamusoro pemhando ye0 kusvika 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Marongero maviri aya anogona kushandiswa kuverenga zvisina kunanga simba rakaunganidzwa neOlson cycle inoratidzwa paMufananidzo 1a. Kutaura zvazviri, Olsen cycle ine matavi maviri eisofield (pano, zero field muDA branch uye 155 kV cm-1 muBC branch) uye matavi maviri eisothermal (pano, 20°С uye 20°С muAB branch). C muCD branch) Simba rinounganidzwa panguva yedenderedzwa rinoenderana nenzvimbo dzeorenji nebhuruu (EdD integral). Simba rinounganidzwa Nd mutsauko uripo pakati pesimba rekupinda nerekubuda, kureva kuti nzvimbo yeorenji chete mumufananidzo 1b. Iyi Olson cycle inopa Nd energy density ye1.78 J cm-3. Stirling cycle imwe nzira yeOlson cycle (Supplementary Note 7). Nekuti danho rekuchaja risingaperi (open circuit) riri nyore kusvika, huwandu hwesimba hunotorwa kubva paMufananidzo 1b (cycle AB'CD) hunosvika 1.25 J cm-3. Izvi zvinongori 70% chete yezvinounganidzwa neOlson cycle, asi michina iri nyore yekukohwa inozviita.
Pamusoro pezvo, takayera zvakananga simba rakaunganidzwa panguva yeOlson cycle nekupa simba kuPST MLC tichishandisa Linkam temperature control stage uye source meter (nzira). Mufananidzo 1c kumusoro uye mu insets dzakafanana unoratidza current (tsvuku) uye voltage (nhema) zvakaunganidzwa paPST MLC imwecheteyo ine ukobvu hwe1 mm seyeDE loop inopfuura neOlson cycle imwechete. Current ne voltage zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kuverenga simba rakaunganidzwa, uye ma curve anoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1c, pasi (girini) uye tembiricha (yero) mukati me cycle yese. Mabhii ABCD anomiririra cycle imwechete yeOlson muMufananidzo 1. MLC charging inoitika panguva yeAB leg uye inoitwa pa low current (200 µA), saka SourceMeter inogona kudzora zvakanaka kuchaja. Mhedzisiro ye constant initial current iyi ndeyekuti voltage curve (black curve) haisi linear nekuda kwe non-linear potential displacement field D PST (Mufananidzo 1c, top inset). Pakupera kwekuchaja, 30 mJ yemagetsi emagetsi inochengetwa muMLC (point B). MLC inobva yapisa uye magetsi asina simba (uye nekudaro magetsi asina simba) anogadzirwa uku magetsi achiramba ari pa600 V. Mushure memasekonzi makumi mana, apo tembiricha yakasvika pa90 °C, magetsi aya akabhadharwa, kunyangwe nhanho yemuenzaniso yakagadzira mudunhu simba remagetsi re35 mJ panguva yeiyi isofield (chikamu chechipiri muMufananidzo 1c, pamusoro). Magetsi ari paMLC (branch CD) anobva aderedzwa, zvichikonzera mamwe 60 mJ emagetsi. Simba rese rinobuda i95 mJ. Simba rakaunganidzwa ndiro musiyano uripo pakati pesimba rekupinda nerekubuda, iro rinopa 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Izvi zvinoenderana nehukuru hwesimba re1.84 J cm-3, riri pedyo zvikuru neNd yakabviswa kubva muDE ring. Kudzokororwa kweiyi Olson cycle kwakaedzwa zvakanyanya (Supplementary Note 4). Nekuwedzera voltage netembiricha, takawana 4.43 J cm-3 tichishandisa maOlsen cycles mu 0.5 mm thick PST MLC pamusoro pe 750 V (195 kV cm-1) uye 175 °C (Supplementary Note 5). Izvi zvakakura kane kana kupfuura kushanda kwakanakisa kwakataurwa mumabhuku emaOlson cycles akananga uye zvakawanikwa pamafirimu matete ePb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm .Supplementary Table 1 kune mamwe mavalues ​​​​mumabhuku). Kushanda uku kwasvika nekuda kwekudonha kwakaderera kwemvura inobuda mumhepo yeMLC idzi (<10−7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona zvakadzama muSupplementary Note 6)—pfungwa yakakosha yakataurwa naSmith et al.19—kusiyana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20. Kushanda uku kwasvika nekuda kwekudonha kwakaderera kwemvura inobuda mumhepo yeMLC idzi (<10−7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona zvakadzama muSupplementary Note 6)—pfungwa yakakosha yakataurwa naSmith et al.19—kusiyana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20. Эти характеристики были достигнуты благодаря очень низкому току утечки этих MLC (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. Hunhu uhwu hwakawanikwa nekuda kwekudonha kwakaderera kwemvura yeMLC idzi (<10–7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona Supplementary Note 6 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo) - pfungwa yakakosha yakataurwa naSmith et al. 19 - kusiyana nezvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare17,20.由于這些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 的详细伉 人明6 的详细伉 180 °C提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20.由于 這些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见 补充 说明 6 中 详细信息）））） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了這种性能到早中期研。 Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC очень низкий (<10–7 А при 750 В и 180 °C, см. подробности в дополнительном примечаний 6) — Смитом и др. 19 — для сравнения, были достигнуты эти характеристики. Sezvo kubuda kwemvura kweMLC idzi kwakaderera zvikuru (<10–7 A pa750 V uye 180 °C, ona Supplementary Note 6 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo) - pfungwa huru yakataurwa naSmith et al. 19 - kuti tienzanise, mashandiro aya akawanikwa.kune zvinhu zvakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvekare 17,20.
Mamiriro akafanana (600 V, 20–90 °C) aishandiswa paStirling cycle (Supplementary note 7). Sezvinotarisirwa kubva mumhedzisiro yeDE cycle, goho raive 41.0 mJ. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa zveStirling cycles kugona kwavo kuwedzera voltage yekutanga kuburikidza ne thermoelectric effect. Takaona kuwedzera kwevoltage kusvika ku39 (kubva pavoltage yekutanga ye15 V kusvika pavoltage yekupedzisira inosvika 590 V, ona Supplementary Fig. 7.2).
Chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa maMLC aya ndechekuti zvinhu zvikuru zvakakwana kuti zviunganidze simba mujoule range. Saka, takagadzira prototype harvester (HARV1) tichishandisa 28 MLC PST 1 mm ukobvu, tichitevera dhizaini yakafanana yeplate yakatsanangurwa naTorello et al.14, mu7×4 matrix sezvakaratidzwa muFig. Dielectric fluid inotakura kupisa iri mumanifold inobviswa ne peristaltic pombi pakati pematangi maviri apo tembiricha yemvura inochengetwa yakafanana (nzira). Unganidza kusvika ku3.1 J uchishandisa Olson cycle yakatsanangurwa muFig. 2a, isothermal regions pa10°C ne125°C uye isofield regions pa0 ne750 V (195 kV cm-1). Izvi zvinoenderana ne energy density ye3.14 J cm-3. Tichishandisa iyi combine, kuyerwa kwakatorwa pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana (Fig. 2b). Cherechedza kuti 1.8 J yakawanikwa pamusoro pekupisa kwe80 °C uye voltage ye600 V (155 kV cm-1). Izvi zvinoenderana zvakanaka ne65 mJ yambotaurwa ye1 mm PST MLC yakakora pasi pemamiriro akafanana (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Kuedzwa kwemuenzaniso weHARV1 wakagadzirwa zvichibva pa28 MLC PSTs 1 mm ukobvu (mitsara mina × makoramu manomwe) inomhanya paOlson cycles. Padanho rega rega rematanho mana, tembiricha nevoltage zvinopihwa mumuenzaniso. Komputa inotyaira pombi yeperistaltic inotenderera dielectric fluid pakati pematangi anotonhora neanopisa, mavharuvhu maviri, uye sosi yemagetsi. Komputa inoshandisawo thermocouples kuunganidza data pamusoro pevoltage necurrent zvinopihwa kumuenzaniso uye tembiricha yemusanganiswa kubva kumagetsi. b, Simba (ruvara) rinounganidzwa nemuenzaniso wedu we4×7 MLC uchienzaniswa netembiricha (X-axis) uye voltage (Y-axis) mukuyedza kwakasiyana.
Shanduro yakakura yemuchina wekukohwa (HARV2) ine 60 PST MLC 1 mm ukobvu uye 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm ukobvu (41.7 g active pyroelectric material) yakapa 11.2 J (Supplementary Note 8). Muna 1984, Olsen akagadzira muchina wekukohwa simba zvichibva pa317 g yePb(Zr,Ti)O3 compound ine tin-doped inokwanisa kugadzira 6.23 J yemagetsi patembiricha inosvika 150 °C (ref. 21). Pamuchina uyu, uyu ndiwo wega mumwe mutengo unowanikwa mujoule range. Wakawana zvinopfuura hafu yemutengo watakawana uye kanenge kanomwe kunaka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba reHARV2 rakapetwa ka13.
Nguva yeHARV1 cycle ndeyemasekondi makumi mashanu nemanomwe. Izvi zvakaburitsa simba re54 mW nemitsara mina yemakona manomwe e1 mm ukobvu seti dzeMLC. Kuti tienderere mberi, takavaka third combine (HARV3) ine 0.5mm thick PST MLC uye setup yakafanana neHARV1 neHARV2 (Supplementary Note 9). Takayera nguva yekupisa yemasekondi gumi nemaviri nehafu. Izvi zvinoenderana nenguva yecycle yemasekondi makumi maviri nemashanu (Supplementary Fig. 9). Simba rakaunganidzwa (47 mJ) rinopa simba remagetsi re1.95 mW paMLC imwe neimwe, izvo zvinotibvumira kufungidzira kuti HARV2 inogadzira 0.55 W (inenge 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC ine 0.5 mm ukobvu). Pamusoro pezvo, takatevedzera kutamiswa kwekupisa tichishandisa Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Supplementary Note 10 uye Supplementary Tables 2–4) zvichienderana nekuyedza kweHARV1. Kuenzanisa kweFinite element kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kufanotaura simba rakawanda kupfuura (430 mW) kune huwandu hwakafanana hwemakoramu ePST nekutetepa kweMLC kusvika 0.2 mm, kushandisa mvura sechinotonhodza, uye kudzoreredza matrix kumitsara 7. × makoramu mana (pamwe ne , paive ne 960 mW apo tangi raive pedyo nekombuta, Supplementary Fig. 10b).
Kuratidza kushanda kwemuunganidzi uyu, Stirling cycle yakashandiswa pamudziyo unomira wega une ma PST MLC maviri ane ukobvu hwe 0.5 mm sema heat collectors, high voltage switch, low voltage switch ine storage capacitor, DC/DC converter, low power microcontroller, ma thermocouples maviri uye boost converter (Supplementary Note 11). Dunhu iri rinoda kuti storage capacitor itange yachajwa pa 9V yozotanga kushanda yoga nepo tembiricha yema MLC maviri iri kubva pa -5°C kusvika 85°C, pano muma cycles e 160 s (ma cycles akati wandei anoratidzwa muSupplementary Note 11). Zvinoshamisa kuti ma MLC maviri anorema 0.3g chete anogona kudzora system iyi yakakura. Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti low voltage converter inokwanisa kushandura 400V kuita 10-15V ne 79% efficiency (Supplementary Note 11 uye Supplementary Picture 11.3).
Pakupedzisira, takaongorora kushanda zvakanaka kwemamodule aya eMLC mukushandura simba rekupisa kuita simba remagetsi. Chinhu chemhando η chekushanda zvakanaka chinotsanangurwa sechiyero chehuwandu hwesimba remagetsi rakaunganidzwa Nd kune huwandu hwekupisa kwakapihwa Qin (Chinyorwa Chekuwedzera 12):
Mifananidzo 3a, b inoratidza kushanda zvakanaka η uye kushanda zvakanaka kwakaenzana ηr kweOlsen cycle, zvichiteerana, sekushanda kwenzvimbo yekupisa yePST MLC ine ukobvu hwe 0.5 mm. Seti dzese dzedata dzakapihwa kune simba remagetsi re195 kV cm-1. Kushanda zvakanaka \(\izvi\) kunosvika 1.43%, izvo zvakaenzana ne18% yeηr. Zvisinei, kune nzvimbo yekupisa ye10 K kubva pa25 °C kusvika 35 °C, ηr inosvika pa40% (ruvara rwebhuruu muMufananidzo 3b). Iyi iviri kukosha kunozivikanwa kwezvinhu zveNLP zvakanyorwa mumafirimu ePMN-PT (ηr = 19%) munzvimbo yekupisa ye10 K uye 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). Nzvimbo dzekupisa dziri pasi pe10 K hadzina kufungwa nekuti thermal hysteresis yePST MLC iri pakati pe5 ne8 K. Kuzivikanwa kwemhedzisiro yakanaka yekuchinja kwechikamu pakushanda zvakanaka kwakakosha. Kutaura zvazviri, kukosha kwakanakisa kweη naηr kunowanikwa patembiricha yekutanga Ti = 25°C muMifananidzo 3a,b. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwechikamu chepedyo kana pasina munda unoiswa uye tembiricha yeCurie TC iri pa20°C muMLC idzi (Supplementary note 13).
a,b, kushanda zvakanaka η uye kushanda zvakanaka kweOlson cycle (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} yemagetsi akanyanya nemunda we195 kV cm-1 uye tembiricha dzakasiyana dzekutanga Ti, }}\,\(b) yeMPC PST 0.5 mm ukobvu, zvichienderana nenguva yekupisa ΔTspan.
Kucherechedzwa kwekupedzisira kune zvakunoreva zviviri zvakakosha: (1) chero kufamba kwemhepo kunoshanda kunofanira kutanga patembiricha dziri pamusoro peTC kuti shanduko yechikamu chinokonzerwa nemunda (kubva paparaelectric kuenda kuferroelectric) iitike; (2) zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda zvakanyanya panguva dzekumhanya dziri pedyo neTC. Kunyangwe kushanda zvakanaka kukuru kuchiratidzwa mukuyedza kwedu, tembiricha shoma haitibvumiri kuwana kushanda zvakanaka kukuru nekuda kweCarnot limit (\(\Delta T/T\)). Zvisinei, kushanda zvakanaka kwakaratidzwa nePST MLC idzi kunoruramisa Olsen paanotaura kuti "mota yethermoelectric inodzoreredza thermoelectric yekirasi 20 inoshanda patembiricha dziri pakati pe50 °C ne250 °C inogona kushanda zvakanaka kwe30%"17. Kuti usvike pazviyero izvi uye uedze pfungwa iyi, zvingave zvinobatsira kushandisa maPST ane doped ane maTC akasiyana, sezvakadzidzwa naShebanov naBorman. Vakaratidza kuti TC muPST inogona kusiyana kubva pa3°C (Sb doping) kusvika pa33°C (Ti doping) 22. Saka, tinofungidzira kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chekugadzira magetsi ekugadzira magetsi chakavakirwa paPST MLC dzakagadzirwa kana zvimwe zvinhu zvine simba rekutanga zvinogona kukwikwidzana nemagetsi ekugadzira magetsi akanakisa.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora maMLC akagadzirwa kubva kuPST. Midziyo iyi ine maelectrode ePt nePST akatevedzana, apo ma capacitor akati wandei akabatana zvakaenzana. PST yakasarudzwa nekuti ichinhu cheEC chakanaka uye nekudaro chinhu cheNLP chakanaka kwazvo. Inoratidza shanduko yechikamu chekutanga cheferroelectric-paraelectric yakapinza inosvika 20 °C, zvichiratidza kuti shanduko dzayo dze entropy dzakafanana nedzinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. MaMLC akafanana akatsanangurwa zvizere kumidziyo yeEC13,14. Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ uye 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. MaMLC ane ukobvu hwe1 mm ne0.5 mm akagadzirwa kubva ku19 ne9 layers dzePST dzine ukobvu hwe38.6 µm, zvichiteerana. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, PST layer yemukati yakaiswa pakati pe2.05 µm platinum electrodes gobvu. Kugadzirwa kwemaMLC aya kunofunga kuti 55% yemaPST anoshanda, zvinoenderana nechikamu chiri pakati pemaelectrodes (Supplementary Note 1). Nzvimbo yemaelectrode anoshanda yaive 48.7 mm2 (Supplementary Table 5). MLC PST yakagadzirwa nenzira ye solid phase reaction uye casting method. Ruzivo rwegadziriro rwakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chapfuura14. Chimwe chezvakasiyana pakati pePST MLC nechinyorwa chapfuura kurongeka kwemaB-sites, izvo zvinokanganisa zvikuru mashandiro eEC muPST. Kurongeka kwemaB-sites ePST MLC i0.75 (Supplementary Note 2) inowanikwa nekuita sintering pa1400°C ichiteverwa nemazana emaawa akareba annealing pa1000°C. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezvePST MLC, ona Supplementary Notes 1-3 neSupplementary Table 5.
Pfungwa huru yechidzidzo ichi yakavakirwa paOlson cycle (Mufananidzo 1). Pakutenderera kwakadaro, tinoda nzvimbo inopisa uye inotonhora uye simba rinokwanisa kutarisa nekudzora voltage uye current mumamodule akasiyana-siyana eMLC. Aya ma direct cycles akashandisa ma configurations maviri akasiyana, anoti (1) Linkam modules achipisa uye achitonhodza imwe MLC yakabatana neKeithley 2410 power source, uye (2) ma prototypes matatu (HARV1, HARV2 uye HARV3) akaenzana nesimba rimwechete. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, dielectric fluid (silicone oil ine viscosity ye5 cP pa25°C, yakatengwa kubva kuSigma Aldrich) yakashandiswa pakuchinjana kupisa pakati pema reservoirs maviri (anopisa uye anotonhora) neMLC. The thermal reservoir ine girazi container yakazadzwa ne dielectric fluid uye yakaiswa pamusoro pe thermal plate. Cold storage ine water bath ine liquid tubes ine dielectric fluid mu plastic container hombe yakazadzwa nemvura ne ice. Mavharuvhu maviri ane nzira nhatu (akatengwa kubva kuBio-Chem Fluidics) akaiswa pamagumo ese emusanganiswa kuti achinje mvura kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe (Mufananidzo 2a). Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kupisa kwakaringana pakati pePST-MLC package necoolant, nguva yekutenderera yakawedzerwa kusvika ma thermocouples ekupinda nekunze (pedyo nePST-MLC package) aratidza tembiricha yakafanana. Python script inotarisira uye inosanganisa zvishandiso zvese (source metres, mapombi, mavharuvhu, uye thermocouples) kuti zvimhanye kutenderera kwakakodzera kweOlson, kureva kuti kutenderera kwekutonhodza kunotanga kutenderera kuburikidza nePST stack mushure mekunge source meter yachajwa kuitira kuti dzipise pavoltage inodiwa inoshandiswa kutenderera kwakapihwa kweOlson.
Neimwe nzira, takasimbisa zviyero izvi zvakananga zvesimba rakaunganidzwa nenzira dzisina kunanga. Nzira idzi dzisina kunanga dzakavakirwa pamagetsi (D) - mabhora emagetsi (E) akaunganidzwa patembiricha dzakasiyana, uye nekuverenga nzvimbo iri pakati pemabhora maviri eDE, munhu anogona kufungidzira nemazvo kuti ingani simba rinogona kuunganidzwa, sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo. mumufananidzo 2. .1b. Mabhora aya eDE anounganidzwawo achishandisa Keithley source metres.
MaPST MLC makumi maviri nemasere ane ukobvu hwe1 mm akaunganidzwa muchimiro cheplate ine mitsara mina, ine makoramu manomwe zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino. 14. Mukana wemvura pakati pemitsara yePST-MLC i0.75mm. Izvi zvinoitwa nekuwedzera mitsetse yetepi ine mativi maviri sezvipenga zvemvura zvakatenderedza mipendero yePST MLC. PST MLC yakabatana nemagetsi pamwe chete nebhiriji resirivha re epoxy rinosangana nemagetsi. Mushure meizvozvo, waya dzakanamirwa nesirivha epoxy resin kudivi rega rega rema terminals e electrode kuti ibatanidzwe kune magetsi. Pakupedzisira, isa chimiro chose mu polyolefin hose. Iyo yekupedzisira inonamirwa kuchubhu yemvura kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvharwa kwakakodzera. Pakupedzisira, ma thermocouple emhando yeK-type ane ukobvu hwe0.25 mm akavakwa mumagumo ese echimiro chePST-MLC kuti atarise tembiricha yemvura inopinza uye inobuda. Kuti uite izvi, hose inofanira kutanga yaboorwa. Mushure mekuisa thermocouple, isa namatidza imwechete seyaimbova pakati pehosi ye thermocouple newaya kuti udzorere chisimbiso.
Ma prototypes masere akasiyana akavakwa, mana acho aine ma MLC PSTs 40 ane ukobvu hwe 0.5 mm akagoverwa semaplates akafanana ane makoramu mashanu nemitsara misere, uye mana akasara aive nema MLC PSTs 15 ane ukobvu hwe 1 mm imwe neimwe. muchimiro cheplate chakafanana che 3-column × 5-row. Huwandu hwese hwePST MLCs dzakashandiswa hwaive 220 (160 0.5 mm ukobvu uye 60 PST MLC 1 mm ukobvu). Tinodaidza aya ma subunits maviri HARV2_160 neHARV2_60. Mukana wemvura mu prototype HARV2_160 une matepi maviri ane mativi maviri ane ukobvu hwe 0.25 mm newaya ine ukobvu hwe 0.25 mm pakati pawo. Kune prototype HARV2_60, takadzokorora maitiro akafanana, asi tichishandisa waya ine ukobvu hwe 0.38 mm. Kuti tienzanise, HARV2_160 neHARV2_60 dzine ma fluid circuits adzo, mapombi, mavharuvhu ne cold side (Supplementary Note 8). Mayuniti maviri eHARV2 ane nzvimbo yekupisa, mudziyo we3 litre (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) pamaplate maviri anopisa ane magineti anotenderera. Mapuroteni ese masere akabatana nemagetsi panguva imwe chete. Mayuniti eHARV2_160 neHARV2_60 anoshanda panguva imwe chete muOlson cycle zvichikonzera kukohwa kwesimba re11.2 J.
Isa PST MLC ine ukobvu hwe 0.5mm mupombi ye polyolefin ne tepi ine mativi maviri newaya kumativi ese kuti pave nenzvimbo yekuti mvura ifambe. Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hudiki, prototype yakaiswa padivi pevharuvhu remvura inopisa kana inotonhora, zvichideredza nguva yekutenderera.
MuPST MLC, simba remagetsi risingaperi rinoiswa nekushandisa voltage risingaperi kubazi rinodziya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simba rekupisa rinobva rabuda uye simba rinochengetwa. Mushure mekudziya PST MLC, simba rinobviswa (V = 0), uye simba rakachengetwa mariri rinodzoserwa kukaunda yesimba, izvo zvinoenderana nekuwedzera kwesimba rakaunganidzwa. Pakupedzisira, ne voltage V = 0 inoshandiswa, MLC PSTs dzinotonhodzwa kusvika pakupisa kwekutanga kuitira kuti kutenderera kutange zvakare. Padanho rino, simba hariunganidzwi. Takamhanyisa Olsen cycle tichishandisa Keithley 2410 SourceMeter, tichichaja PST MLC kubva pa voltage source uye tichiisa current match kune kukosha kwakakodzera kuitira kuti mapoinzi akakwana aunganidzwe panguva yekuchaja kuti pave nekuverenga simba kwakavimbika.
MuStirling cycles, PST MLCs dzaichajwa mu voltage source mode pamutengo wekutanga we electric field value (voltage yekutanga Vi > 0), current inodiwa yekutevedzera zvinodiwa kuitira kuti danho rekuchaja ritore anenge 1 s (uye mapoinzi akakwana anounganidzwa kuti pave nekuverenga kwakavimbika kwesimba) uye tembiricha inotonhora. MuStirling cycles, PST MLCs dzaichajwa mu voltage source mode pamutengo wekutanga we electric field value (voltage yekutanga Vi > 0), current inodiwa yekutevedzera zvinodiwa kuitira kuti danho rekuchaja ritore anenge 1 s (uye mapoinzi akakwana anounganidzwa kuti pave nekuverenga kwakavimbika kwesimba) uye tembiricha inotonhora. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC заряжались в режиме источника напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения при начальном значении электрического поля (начальное напряжения ) токе, так что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек для надежного растота энергия) и холодная тем. Mumitambo yeStirling PST MLC, dzaichajwa mu voltage source mode pamutengo wekutanga we electric field (voltage yekutanga Vi > 0), iyo yaidiwa yield current, zvekuti danho rekuchaja rinotora anenge 1 s (uye nhamba yakakwana yemapoinzi inounganidzwa kuti pave nekuverenga simba kwakavimbika) uye tembiricha inotonhora.在斯特林循环中，PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0.0 Muchikamu chikuru, PST MLC inochajwa pamutengo wekutanga wemagetsi (voltage yekutanga Vi > 0) mu voltage source mode, kuitira kuti current inodiwa yekutevera inotora sekondi imwe chete padanho rekuchaja (uye takaunganidza mapoinzi akakwana kuti tiverenge (simba) uye tembiricha yakaderera. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжения) податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергетет) и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергирает энергирает. Muchikamu cheStirling, PST MLC inochajwa mu voltage source mode ine kukosha kwekutanga kwe electric field (voltage yekutanga Vi > 0), current inodiwa yekutevedzera zvinodiwa ndeyekuti danho rekuchaja rinotora anenge 1 s (uye nhamba yakakwana yemapoinzi inounganidzwa kuti iverenge simba rakavimbika) uye tembiricha yakaderera.PST MLC isati yapisa, vhura circuit nekushandisa matching current yeI = 0 mA (matching current shoma iyo source yedu yekuyera inogona kubata i10 nA). Nekuda kweizvozvo, chaji inoramba iri muPST yeMJK, uye voltage inowedzera sezvo sample ichipisa. Hapana simba rinounganidzwa muruoko BC nekuti I = 0 mA. Mushure mekusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya, voltage muMLT FT inowedzera (mune dzimwe nguva kanopfuura makumi matatu, ona mufananidzo wekuwedzera 7.2), MLK FT inoburitswa (V = 0), uye simba remagetsi rinochengetwa mavari sechaji yekutanga. Mashandiro akafanana emagetsi anodzoserwa kumeter-source. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwevoltage, simba rakachengetwa pakupisa kwakanyanya rakakwirira kupfuura rakapihwa pakutanga kwedenderedzwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simba rinowanikwa nekushandura kupisa kuita magetsi.
Takashandisa Keithley 2410 SourceMeter kutarisa voltage nemagetsi zvinoshandiswa kuPST MLC. Simba rinoenderana rinoverengwa nekubatanidza chigadzirwa chevoltage nemagetsi zvinoverengwa neKeithley's source meter, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), apo τ iri nguva yenguva yacho. Pakutenderera kwesimba redu, simba rakanaka rinoreva simba ratinofanira kupa kuMLC PST, uye negative values ​​​​zvinoreva simba ratinobvisa kubva kwavari uye nekudaro simba rinogamuchirwa. Simba rehukama rechikamu chekuunganidza chakapihwa rinotsanangurwa nekuparadzanisa simba rakaunganidzwa nenguva τ yedenderedzwa rese.
Ruzivo rwese rwunopihwa muchinyorwa chikuru kana mune rumwe ruzivo. Tsamba nezvikumbiro zvezvinyorwa zvinofanirwa kuendeswa kunzvimbo yeruzivo rweAT kana ED rwuri muchinyorwa chino.
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Dhipatimendi reKutsvagisa neTekinoroji, Luxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg