Alloy musanganiswa wezviviri kana kupfuura zvemakemikari zvinhu (inenge imwe yacho isimbi) ine metallic properties. Inowanzo kuwanikwa nekusanganisa chikamu chimwe nechimwe mumhando yemvura uye wobva waishongedza.
Alloys inogona kunge iri imwe yemhando nhatu dzinotevera: imwe-chikamu chakasimba mhinduro yezvinhu, musanganiswa weakawanda simbi zvikamu, kana intermetallic komboni yesimbi. Iyo microstructure yealloys mune yakasimba mhinduro ine chikamu chimwe chete, uye mamwe maalloys mumhinduro ane maviri kana anopfuura nhanho. Kugoverwa kunogona kunge kwakafanana kana kwete, zvichienderana nekushanduka kwekushisa panguva yekutonhora kwezvinhu. Intermetallic compounds inowanzo sanganisira alloy kana simbi yakachena yakakomberedzwa neimwe simbi yakachena.
Alloys anoshandiswa mune mamwe maapplication nekuti ane zvimwe zvivakwa zviri nani pane izvo zve pure metal elements. Mienzaniso yealloys inosanganisira simbi, solder, ndarira, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Kuumbwa kwealloy kunowanzo kuverengerwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu. Alloys anogona kupatsanurwa kuita alloys anotsiviwa kana interstitial alloys zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwawo kweatomu, uye anogona zvakare kukamurwa kuita homogeneous phases (chikamu chimwe chete), heterogeneous phases (inopfuura chikamu chimwe) uye intermetallic compounds (hapana mutsauko uri pachena pakati pezviviri izvi. zvikamu). miganhu). [2]
muchidimbu
Kuumbwa kwealloys kunowanzo shandura zvimiro zve elemental zvinhu, semuenzaniso, kusimba kwesimbi kwakakura kupfuura iyo yayo main constituent element, iron. Hunhu hwechimiro chealloy, senge density, reactivity, Young's modulus, yemagetsi uye yekupisa conductivity, inogona kunge yakafanana nezvinoumba zvinhu zvealloy, asi simba rekutemesa uye kugera simba reiyo alloy rinowanzoenderana nemidziyo yeiyo alloy. constituent elements. zvakasiyana chaizvo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kurongeka kwemaatomu mumubatanidzwa kwakasiyana kwazvo nezviri muchinhu chimwe chete. Semuenzaniso, kunyunguduka kwealloy kwakadzikira pane kunyunguduka kwesimbi inoumba alloy nekuti atomic radii yesimbi dzakasiyana dzakasiyana, uye zvakaoma kuumba crystal lattice yakagadzikana.
Chikamu chiduku chechimwe chinhu chinogona kuva nesimba guru pane zvinhu zvealloy. Semuenzaniso, tsvina mune ferromagnetic alloys inogona kushandura maitiro eiyo alloy.
Kusiyana nesimbi dzakachena, alloys mazhinji haana yakagadzika kunyungudika. Kana tembiricha iri mukati mekunyunguduka kwekushisa, musanganiswa uri mumamiriro ekusimba uye kugarisana kwemvura. Nokudaro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yealloy yakaderera pane iyo yezvikamu zvesimbi. Ona eutectic musanganiswa.
Pakati pezvakajairwa alloys, mhangura is a alloy yemhangura uye zinc; bronze ialloy yerata nemhangura, uye inowanzoshandiswa mumifananidzo, zvishongo, uye mabhero echechi. Alloys (senge nickel alloys) anoshandiswa mumari yedzimwe nyika.
Alloy ndiyo mhinduro, yakadai sesimbi, iron ndiyo inonyungudutsa, carbon ndiyo solute.