Aruminiyamu ndiyo simbi inowanikwa zvakanyanya pasi rose uye ndiyo yechitatu inonyanya kushandiswa ine 8% yeganda repasi. Kuwanda kwearuminiyamu kunoita kuti ive simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mushure mesimbi.
Kugadzirwa kweAruminiyamu
Aruminiyamu inobva mubauxite ine mineral. Bauxite inoshandurwa kuita aluminium oxide (alumina) kuburikidza neBayer Process. Alumina inozoshandurwa kuita aluminium metal uchishandisa electrolytic cells uye Hall-Heroult Process.
Kudiwa Kwegore Negore kweAruminiyamu
Kudiwa kwearuminiyamu pasi rose kuri matani angangoita mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe pagore. Matani angangoita mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri iaruminiyamu itsva uye matani mamiriyoni manomwe iaruminiyamu yakadzokororwa. Kushandiswa kwearuminiyamu yakadzokororwa kunogutsa hupfumi uye nharaunda. Zvinotora 14,000 kWh kugadzira tani imwe yearuminiyamu itsva. Kusiyana neizvi, zvinotora 5% chete yeiyi kunyungudutsazve nekudzokorodza tani imwe yearuminiyamu. Hapana musiyano wemhando pakati pearuminiyamu isina hutachiona nearuminiyamu yakadzokororwa.
Mashandisirwo eAruminiyamu
Yakachenaaruminiyamuyakapfava, inopfava, inodzivirira ngura uye ine simba remagetsi rakawanda. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya patambo dzefoil neconductor, asi kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu kwakakosha kuti pave nesimba rakawanda rinodiwa kune mamwe mashandisirwo. Aruminiyamu ndeimwe yesimbi dzakareruka dzeinjiniya, ine simba rehuremu kupfuura simbi.
Nekushandisa misanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana yehunhu hwayo hwakanaka senge simba, kureruka, kuramba ngura, kugona kudzokorodza uye kugona kugadzirwa, aruminiyamu iri kushandiswa muhuwandu hunoramba huchiwedzera hwezvishandiso. Rudzi urwu rwezvigadzirwa runotangira pazvinhu zvekuvaka kusvika kumafoil matete ekurongedza.
Mazita eAlloy
Aruminiyamu inowanzo sanganiswa nemhangura, zinc, magnesium, silicon, manganese uye lithium. Chromium, titanium, zirconium, lead, bismuth uye nickel inowedzerwawo uye iron inogara iripo muhuwandu hushoma.
Kune ma alloy anodarika mazana matatu ane makumi mashanu anoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Anowanzo zivikanwa nehurongwa hwema figure mana hwakatangira kuUSA uye ikozvino hwave kugamuchirwa pasi rose. Tafura 1 inotsanangura hurongwa hwema alloy anogadzirwa. Ma alloy anogadzirwa ane mazita akafanana uye anoshandisa hurongwa hwema digit mashanu.
Tafura 1.Mazita ezvishandiso zvealuminium zvakagadzirwa.
| Chinhu Chinobatanidza | Yakagadzirwa |
|---|---|
| Hapana (99%+ Aruminiyamu) | 1XXX |
| Mhangura | 2XXX |
| Manganese | 3XXX |
| Siriki | 4XXX |
| Magnesium | 5XXX |
| Magnesium + Silicon | 6XXX |
| Zingi | 7XXX |
| Lithium | 8XXX |
Kune ma alloy e aluminium asina kurongeka anonzi 1XXX, manhamba maviri ekupedzisira anomiririra kuchena kwesimbi. Akaenzana nemanhamba maviri ekupedzisira mushure me decimal point apo kuchena kwe aluminium kunoratidzwa kune iri pedyo ne 0.01 muzana. Nhamba yechipiri inoratidza shanduko mumiganhu yekusachena. Kana nhamba yechipiri iri zero, inoratidza aluminium isina kurongeka ine miganhu yekusachena kwechisikigo uye 1 kusvika 9, inoratidza kusvibiswa kwega kwega kana zvinhu zvinobatanidza.
Pamapoka ari pakati pe2XXX ne8XXX, manhamba maviri ekupedzisira anoratidza alloys dzakasiyana dzealuminium muboka. Nhamba yechipiri inoratidza shanduko dzealloy. Nhamba yechipiri yezero inoratidza alloy yekutanga uye nhamba dzese kubva pa1 kusvika pa9 dzinoratidza shanduko dzakatevedzana dzealloy.
Hunhu hweAruminiyamu
Kuwanda kweAruminiyamu
Aruminiyamu ine huwandu hwesimbi kana mhangura hunosvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yesimbi dzakareruka dzinowanikwa kutengeswa. Simba rayo guru pakurema rinoita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha chekuvaka, zvichiita kuti iwedzere mutoro wekutakura kana kuchengetedza mafuta kunyanya kumaindasitiri ekufambisa.
Simba reAruminiyamu
Aruminiyamu yakachena haina simba rekudhonza zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvakaita semanganese, silicon, mhangura uye magnesium kunogona kuwedzera simba rearuminiyamu uye kugadzira alloy ine hunhu hwakagadzirirwa mashandisirwo chaiwo.
AruminiyamuYakakodzera nzvimbo dzinotonhora. Ine mukana wekuti simba rayo rekudhonza rinowedzera kana tembiricha ichidzikira ukuwo ichiramba yakasimba. Asi simbi inopwanyika kana tembiricha yakaderera.
Kuramba Kuora kweAruminiyamu
Kana yaiswa mumhepo, jira realuminium oxide rinoumbwa pakarepo pamusoro pealuminium. Iri jira rinodzivirira ngura zvakanyanya. Rinodzivirira maasidhi akawanda asi haridziviriri maalkali zvakanyanya.
Kufambisa kweAruminiyamu muThermal
Kufambiswa kwemafuta ealuminium kwakakura zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura simbi. Izvi zvinoita kuti aruminiyamu ive chinhu chakakosha pakushandisa kutonhora nekudziisa senge zvinochinja-chinja kupisa. Kana ikasanganiswa nekusava nechepfu, izvi zvinoreva kuti aruminiyamu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yekubikisa nemidziyo yekicheni.
Kufambiswa kweMagetsi kweAruminiyamu
Pamwe chete nemhangura, aruminiyamu ine simba remagetsi rakakwira zvakakwana kuti rishandiswe semuchina wemagetsi. Kunyangwe simba remagetsi remuchina unoshandiswa zvakanyanya (1350) riri 62% chete yemhangura yakanyoroveswa, inongova chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chete chehuremu uye nekudaro inogona kufambisa magetsi akapetwa kaviri kana ichienzaniswa nemhangura ine huremu hwakafanana.
Kuratidzwa kweAruminiyamu
Kubva kuUV kusvika kuinfra-red, aruminiyamu iratidziro yakanaka kwazvo yesimba rinopenya. Kupenya kwechiedza kunoonekwa kweinenge 80% zvinoreva kuti inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvishandiso zvemwenje. Hunhu humwe chete hwekuratidzira kunoita kutiaruminiyamuYakanakira sechinodzivirira kupisa kubva kuzuva muzhizha, ukuwo ichidzivirira kupisa kubva mukurasikirwa nechando muchando.
Tafura 2.Zvivakwa zvearuminiyamu.
| Pfuma | Kukosha |
|---|---|
| Nhamba yeAtomu | 13 |
| Kurema kweAtomu (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Valency | 3 |
| Chimiro cheKristaro | FCC |
| Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka (°C) | 660.2 |
| Pokufashaira (°C) | 2480 |
| Kupisa Kwakasiyana (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Kufambiswa kwekupisa (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Kushanda Pamwe Chete Pakuwedzera Mutsetse (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Kudzivirira kwemagetsi pa20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Kuwanda (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Modulus yeElasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Chiyero chePoissons | 0.34 |
Hunhu hweAruminiyamu muMichina
Aruminiyamu inogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya pasina kukanganisa. Izvi zvinobvumira aruminiyamu kugadzirwa nekumoneredza, kuburitsa, kudhirowa, kugadzira michina uye mamwe maitiro emakanika. Inogona zvakare kuumbwa kusvika pakukwanisa kusimba zvakanyanya.
Kuisa alloying, kutonhora uye kupisa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa hunhu hwearuminiyamu.
Simba rekudhonza rearuminiyamu yakachena rinosvika 90 MPa asi izvi zvinogona kuwedzerwa kusvika pa690 MPa kune mamwe ma alloys anogona kurapwa nekupisa.
Maitiro eAruminiyamu
Mwero wekare weBS1470 wakatsiviwa nemiyero mipfumbamwe yeEN. Mwero weEN wakapihwa mutafura 4.
Tafura 4.EN zviyero zvearuminiyamu
| Zvakajairika | Chiyero |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Mamiriro ehunyanzvi ekuongorora nekutumira |
| EN485-2 | Hunhu hwemakanika |
| EN485-3 | Kushivirira kwezvinhu zvinopisa zvakaputirwa |
| EN485-4 | Kushivirira kwezvinhu zvinotonhora zvakamonerwa |
| EN515 | Mazita ehasha |
| EN573-1 | Sisitimu yekududzira nhamba ye alloy |
| EN573-2 | Sisitimu yekuisa zviratidzo zvemakemikari |
| EN573-3 | Makemikoro emakemikari |
| EN573-4 | Mafomu echigadzirwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzealloys |
Miyero yeEN yakasiyana neyakajairwa kare, BS1470 munzvimbo dzinotevera:
- Makemikari akaumbwa - asina kuchinja.
- Sisitimu yekuverenga nhamba dzeAlloy - isina kuchinja.
- Maitiro ekupisa emhando dzealloys dzinorapika nekupisa ikozvino anofukidza huwandu hwakakura hwekupisa kwakakosha. Kusvika manhamba mana mushure meT akaiswa kune zvisiri zvemazuva ese (semuenzaniso T6151).
- Mazita eTemper eAlloys asingarapike kupisa - hasha dziripo hadzina kuchinja asi hasha dzave kutsanangurwa zvakajeka maererano nekugadzirwa kwadzo. Hasha dzakapfava (O) dzava H111 uye hasha dzepakati H112 dzave kutangwa. Kune alloy 5251 hasha dzave kuratidzwa seH32/H34/H36/H38 (dzakaenzana neH22/H24, nezvimwewo). H19/H22 & H24 dzave kuratidzwa zvakasiyana.
- Hunhu hwemakanika - hunoramba hwakafanana nehwekare. 0.2% Humbowo Kushushikana kunofanira kutaurwa pazvitupa zvebvunzo.
- Kushivirira kwakasimbiswa kusvika padanho rakasiyana-siyana.
Kurapa Kupisa kweAruminiyamu
Mhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa kupisa dzinogona kushandiswa kune aruminiyamu alloys:
- Kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakafanana - kubviswa kwekupatsanurwa nekudziisa mushure mekukanda.
- Kunyungudutsa - kunoshandiswa mushure mekushanda nechando kunyorovesa ma alloys ekusimbisa basa (1XXX, 3XXX uye 5XXX).
- Kunaya kwemvura kana kuomarara kwezera (ma alloys 2XXX, 6XXX uye 7XXX).
- Kurapa kupisa kwemvura nekupisa kwemvura kusati kwachembera.
- Kubika chitofu chekugadzirisa machira
- Mushure mekupisa, chivakashure chinowedzerwa kunhamba dzemazita.
- Chivakashure F chinoreva kuti “sezvakagadzirwa”.
- O zvinoreva "zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nesimbi".
- T zvinoreva kuti "yakagadziriswa kupisa".
- W zvinoreva kuti chinhu chacho chakagadziriswa nekupisa.
- H inoreva alloys dzisingarapike dzinoshandiswa pakupisa dzinonzi "dzinotonhora" kana "dzinoomeswa".
- Ma alloys asingapise anogona kurapwa ndeaya ari mumapoka e3XXX, 4XXX uye 5XXX.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikumi-16-2021
