Aluminium ndiyo simbi yakawandisa pasi rose uye ndiyo yechitatu inonyanyozivikanwa ine 8% yepasi. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvealuminium zvinoita kuti ive simbi inonyanya kushandiswa mushure mesimbi.
Kugadzirwa kweAluminium
Aluminium inotorwa kubva kune mineral bauxite. Bauxite inoshandurwa kuita aluminium oxide (alumina) kuburikidza neBayer process. Iyo alumina inozoshandurwa kuita aluminium simbi ichishandisa electrolytic maseru uye Hall-Heroult Maitiro.
Gore negore Kudiwa kweAluminium
Pasi rose kudiwa kwealuminium kunosvika matani 29 miriyoni pagore. Matani anosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri aruminiyamu itsva uye matani mamiriyoni manomwe anodzokororwa nearuminiyamu zvisaririra. Kushandiswa kwealuminiyamu yakadzokororwa kune hupfumi uye nharaunda inomanikidza. Zvinotora 14,000 kWh kugadzira tani imwe yealuminium itsva. Sezvineiwo zvinongotora 5% yeizvi kugadzirisa uye kudzoreredza toni imwe yealuminium. Hapana mutsauko mumhando pakati pemhandara uye yakadzokororwa aruminiyamu alloys.
Zvishandiso zveAluminium
Purealuminiumyakapfava, ductile, corrosion resistant uye ine high magetsi conductivity. Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune foil uye conductor tambo, asi alloying nezvimwe zvinhu zvinodikanwa kuti ipe simba repamusoro rinodiwa kune mamwe maapplication. Aluminium ndeimwe yemasimbi einjiniya akareruka, ane huremu hwereshiyo kupfuura simbi.
Nekushandisa musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana weayo anobatsira zvivakwa zvakaita sesimba, kureruka, kusagadzikana kwecorrosion, kudzokorodza uye kuumbwa, aluminium iri kushandiswa muhuwandu hunoramba huchiwedzera hwezvishandiso. Iyi nhevedzano yezvigadzirwa inotangira kubva kune zvimiro kusvika kune matete ekurongedza mafoil.
Alloy Designations
Aluminium inonyanya kusanganiswa nemhangura, zingi, magnesium, silicon, manganese uye lithium. Zvidiki zvekuwedzera zvechromium, titanium, zirconium, lead, bismuth uye nickel zvinogadzirwawo uye iron inogara iripo mune zvidiki.
Kune anopfuura mazana matatu akagadzirwa alloys ane makumi mashanu anoshandiswa zvakafanana. Ivo vanowanzo zivikanwa nechina manhamba sisitimu yakatanga kuUSA uye yave kugamuchirwa pasi rose. Tafura 1 inotsanangura hurongwa hwema alloys akagadzirwa. Cast alloys ane mazita akafanana uye anoshandisa shanu digit system.
Tafura 1.Dhizaini dzeakagadzirwa aluminium alloys.
| Alloying Element | Wrought |
|---|---|
| Hapana (99%+ Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Mhangura | 2XXX |
| Manganese | 3XXX |
| Silicon | 4XXX |
| Magnesium | 5XXX |
| Magnesium + Silicon | 6XXX |
| Zinc | 7XXX |
| Lithium | 8XXX |
Kune asina kusanganiswa aruminiyamu alloys akasarudzwa 1XXX, manhamba maviri ekupedzisira anomiririra kuchena kwesimbi. Ndiwo akaenzana nenhamba mbiri dzekupedzisira mushure meiyo decimal point apo kuchena kwealuminium kunoratidzwa kune iri pedyo 0.01 muzana. Nhamba yechipiri inoratidza kugadziridzwa kwemiganhu yekusachena. Kana nhamba yechipiri iri zero, inoratidza aruminiyamu isina kusanganiswa ine miganhu yekusachena kwechisikigo uye 1 kusvika 9, inoratidza kusvibiswa kwega kana maalloying zvinhu.
Kumapoka 2XXX kusvika 8XXX, manhamba maviri ekupedzisira anozivisa maaruminiyamu akasiyana muboka. Nhamba yechipiri inoratidza alloy shanduko. Chechipiri nhamba ye zero inoratidza alloy yepakutanga uye nhamba 1 kusvika 9 inoratidza inotevedzana alloy shanduko.
Zvenyama Zvivakwa zveAluminium
Density yeAluminium
Aluminium ine density yakatenderedza chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimbi kana mhangura zvichiita kuti ive imwe yesimbi dzakareruka pakutengesa. Iyo inoguma yakakwira simba kune huremu reshiyo inoita kuti ive yakakosha dhizaini zvinhu inobvumira kuwedzera mubhadharo kana kuchengetedza kwemafuta ekufambisa maindasitiri kunyanya.
Simba reAluminium
Aluminiyamu yakachena haina simba rekusimudzira. Nekudaro, iyo yekuwedzera yealloying zvinhu senge manganese, silicon, mhangura uye magnesium inogona kuwedzera simba zvivakwa zvealuminium uye kugadzira alloy ine zvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa kune mamwe maapplication.
Aluminiumyakanyatsokodzera kunzvimbo dzinotonhora. Iyo ine bhenefiti pamusoro pesimbi mukuti 'simba rayo rekusimba rinowedzera nekudzikira tembiricha ichichengeta kuoma kwayo. Simbi kune rumwe rutivi inova brittle pakudziya kwakaderera.
Corrosion Resistance yeAluminium
Kana yaiswa kumhepo, chidimbu chealuminium oxide chinoumba kanenge pakarepo pamusoro pealuminium. Iri danga rinokwanisa kupikisa ngura. Iyo inonyatso kurwisa kune akawanda asidhi asi isinga mirire kune alkalis.
Thermal Conductivity yeAluminium
Thermal conductivity yealuminium yakakura zvakapetwa katatu pane iyo yesimbi. Izvi zvinoita kuti aruminiyamu ive chinhu chakakosha kune ese ari maviri ekutonhodza uye kudziyisa maapplication akadai seanotsinhanisa kupisa. Yakasanganiswa neiyo isiri-chepfu chivakwa ichi zvinoreva kuti aluminium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yekubikira uye kitchenware.
Electrical Conductivity of Aluminium
Pamwe chete nemhangura, aruminiyamu ine conductivity yemagetsi yakakwira zvakakwana kuti ishandiswe semugadziri wemagetsi. Kunyangwe iyo conductivity yeinowanzo shandiswa kuitisa alloy (1350) inongotenderedza 62% yemhangura yakanyungudutswa, inongori chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chehuremu uye saka inogona kuitisa magetsi akapetwa kaviri kana ichienzaniswa nemhangura yehuremu hwakafanana.
Reflectivity yeAluminium
Kubva kuUV kuenda ku infra-red, aluminum inotaridza yakanakisa simba rinopenya. Inooneka mwenje reflectivity inosvika 80% zvinoreva kuti inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvigadziriso zvemwenje. Izvo zvakafanana zvimiro zve reflectivity zvinoitaaluminiumyakanaka sechinhu chinodzivirira kudzivirira kubva mumwaranzi yezuva muzhizha, ichidzivirira pakurasikirwa nekupisa muchando.
Tafura 2.Zvivakwa zvealuminium.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 13 |
| Atomic Weight (g/mol) | 26.98 |
| Valency | 3 |
| Crystal Structure | FCC |
| Melting Point (°C) | 660.2 |
| Kuvira (°C) | 2480 |
| Kupisa Kwakakwana (0-100°C) (cal/g.°C) | 0.219 |
| Thermal Conductivity (0-100°C) (cal/cms. °C) | 0.57 |
| Kushanda Pamwe Chete Kwekuwedzera Kwemitsara (0-100°C) (x10-6/°C) | 23.5 |
| Electrical Resistivity pa20°C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 |
| Density (g/cm3) | 2.6898 |
| Modulus yeElasticity (GPa) | 68.3 |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.34 |
Mechanical Properties yeAluminium
Aluminium inogona kuremara zvakanyanya pasina kukundikana. Izvi zvinobvumira aluminium kuti iumbwe nekukunguruka, extruding, kudhirowa, machining uye mamwe ma mechanic process. Inogonawo kukandwa kune kushivirira kwepamusoro.
Alloying, kutonhora kushanda uye kupisa-kupisa zvese zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa zvimiro zvealuminium.
Kusimba kwekusimba kwealuminiyamu yakachena kwakatenderedza 90 MPa asi izvi zvinogona kuwedzerwa kusvika pamusoro pe690 MPa kune mamwe maaloyi anopisa anopisa.
Aluminium Standards
Iyo yekare BS1470 chiyero yakatsiviwa nemipfumbamwe EN zviyero. Iyo EN zviyero zvinopihwa mutafura 4.
Tafura 4.EN zviyero zvealuminium
| Standard | Scope |
|---|---|
| EN485-1 | Mamiriro ehunyanzvi ekuongorora uye kutumira |
| EN485-2 | Mechanical properties |
| EN485-3 | Kushivirira kwezvinhu zvinopisa zvakaputirwa |
| EN485-4 | Kushivirira kwezvinhu zvinotonhora zvakakungurutswa |
| EN515 | Hasha mazita |
| EN573-1 | Numerical alloy kududzira system |
| EN573-2 | Kemikari chiratidzo chezita system |
| EN573-3 | Kemikari zvinyorwa |
| EN573-4 | Chigadzirwa mafomu mune akasiyana alloys |
Iyo EN zviyero zvakasiyana kubva kune yekare chiyero, BS1470 munzvimbo dzinotevera:
- Mishonga yemakemikari - isina kuchinjwa.
- Alloy manhamba system - isina kuchinjwa.
- Mazita ehasha ezviwanikwa zvinorapika zvino anovhara huwandu hwakawanda hwehasha dzakakosha. Kusvika manhamba mana mushure mekunge T yaunzwa kune isiri-yakajairwa maapplication (semuenzaniso T6151).
- Mazita ehasha dzearoyi asingapise anorapika - hasha dziripo hadzina kushanduka asi hasha dzave kunyatsotsanangurwa maererano nemasikirwo adzinoitwa. Kupfava (O) hasha dzava H111 uye hasha dzepakati H112 dzakaunzwa. Kune alloy 5251 tempers yava kuratidzwa seH32/H34/H36/H38 (yakaenzana neH22/H24, nezvimwewo). H19/H22 & H24 zvave kuratidzwa zvakasiyana.
- Mechanical properties - inoramba yakafanana nemifananidzo yapfuura. 0.2% Proof Stress inofanira ikozvino kutorwa pazvitupa zvebvunzo.
- Kushivirira kwakasimbiswa kune zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kupisa Kurapa kweAluminium
Mhando yekurapa kwekupisa inogona kuiswa kune aruminiyamu alloys:
- Homogenisation - kubviswa kwekuparadzanisa nekupisa mushure mekukanda.
- Annealing - inoshandiswa mushure mekutonhora kushanda kupfavisa masimbi anoomesa basa (1XXX, 3XXX uye 5XXX).
- Kunaya kana kuomesa zera (alloys 2XXX, 6XXX uye 7XXX).
- Solution kupisa kurapwa pamberi kuchembera precipitation kuomesa alloys.
- Kugadzirira kuporesa kwekuputira
- Mushure mekurapa kupisa chivakashure chinowedzerwa kune nhamba dzekudoma.
- Chivakashure F chinoreva "sezvakagadzirwa".
- O zvinoreva "zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa".
- T inoreva kuti yave "yakagadziriswa kupisa".
- W zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvave mhinduro kupisa kurapwa.
- H inoreva maaloyi asina kupisa anorapika ayo "anoshanda kutonhora" kana "kuomeswa kwakaomeswa".
- Aroyi asingabatike kupisa ndeaya ari mumapoka 3XXX, 4XXX ne5XXX.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-16-2021